{"id":2128,"date":"2021-02-22T12:05:38","date_gmt":"2021-02-22T17:05:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.electroallweb.com\/?p=2128"},"modified":"2021-02-24T23:36:52","modified_gmt":"2021-02-25T04:36:52","slug":"como-subir-un-gestor-de-arranque-bootloader-a-cualquier-uc-atmel-atmega328p-atmega2560-atiny85-etc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.electroallweb.com\/index.php\/2021\/02\/22\/como-subir-un-gestor-de-arranque-bootloader-a-cualquier-uc-atmel-atmega328p-atmega2560-atiny85-etc\/","title":{"rendered":"Como subir un gestor de arranque (bootloader) a cualquier uc ATMEL, “atmega328p, atmega2560, atiny85 etc.."},"content":{"rendered":"
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QU\u00c9 ES UN GESTOR DE ARRANQUE?
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Antes que nada tenemos que saber que los microcontroladores de Atmel<\/span><\/strong><\/a>, tales como; atmega2560, atmega328p, etc. no pertenecen a la empresa Arduino<\/span><\/strong><\/a>. Es decir, arduino es una compa\u00f1\u00eda distinta a los fabricantes de los \u00b5C de Atmel, en tal sentido, la empresa de Atmel tiene su propio software llamado Atmel studio. No obstante, este programa no es nada amigable para los principiantes o para las personas que no est\u00e1n netamente entrenados para la parte de programaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n

Viendo estos inconvenientes Arduino nos hizo la vida m\u00e1s f\u00e1cil creando una software bastante amigable para todas las personas en general sin importar si es electr\u00f3nico o programador. Entonces, cuando se adquiere un microcontrolador nuevo (sin la tarjeta de arduino) para poder subir un programa desde IDE de Arduino primero tenemos que cargar un GESTOR DE ARRANQUE como tambi\u00e9n llamado BOOTLOADAER a trav\u00e9s de los pines ISP (MOSI, MISO, SCK, CS).<\/p>\n

B\u00e1sicamente el Bootloader contiene un codigo .hex, donde se asigna los pines que se ve en la placa de arduino (D0, D1, D2…) y otras funciones lo cual nos facilita much\u00edsimo a la hora de desarrollar cualquier proyecto donde se hace uso de un \u00b5C Atmega.<\/p>\n

Entonces, como nosotros estamos realizando constantemente muchos proyectos con los \u00b5C de Atmega, hemos decidido crear una tarjeta pcb exclusivamente para subir gestores de arranque para Atmega2560, Atmega328p, Atmega328pu y\u00a0 Atiny85. Con esta tarjeta ya no realizaremos ninguna conexi\u00f3n cableada.<\/p>\n\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t<\/div>\r\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>

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CIRCUITO BASE
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MODULO GESTOR DE ARRANQUE “BOOTLOADER”
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DESCARGAR DISE\u00d1O(proteus)<\/span><\/a><\/div>
DESCARGAR SCHEMATIC<\/span><\/a><\/div>
DESCARGAR GERBER<\/span><\/a><\/div>
Link ATINY<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>
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PASOS PARA SUBIR BOOTLOADER
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CODIGO BOOTLOADER “arduino”
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\/\/ ArduinoISP version 04m3\r\n\/\/ Copyright (c) 2008-2011 Randall Bohn\r\n\/\/ If you require a license, see \r\n\/\/     http:\/\/www.opensource.org\/licenses\/bsd-license.php\r\n\/\/\r\n\/\/ This sketch turns the Arduino into a AVRISP\r\n\/\/ using the following arduino pins:\r\n\/\/\r\n\/\/ pin name:    not-mega:         mega(1280 and 2560)\r\n\/\/ slave reset: 10:               53 \r\n\/\/ MOSI:        11:               51 \r\n\/\/ MISO:        12:               50 \r\n\/\/ SCK:         13:               52 \r\n\/\/\r\n\/\/ Put an LED (with resistor) on the following pins:\r\n\/\/ 9: Heartbeat   - shows the programmer is running\r\n\/\/ 8: Error       - Lights up if something goes wrong (use red if that makes sense)\r\n\/\/ 7: Programming - In communication with the slave\r\n\/\/\r\n\/\/ 23 July 2011 Randall Bohn\r\n\/\/ -Address Arduino issue 509 :: Portability of ArduinoISP\r\n\/\/ http:\/\/code.google.com\/p\/arduino\/issues\/detail?id=509\r\n\/\/\r\n\/\/ October 2010 by Randall Bohn\r\n\/\/ - Write to EEPROM > 256 bytes\r\n\/\/ - Better use of LEDs:\r\n\/\/ -- Flash LED_PMODE on each flash commit\r\n\/\/ -- Flash LED_PMODE while writing EEPROM (both give visual feedback of writing progress)\r\n\/\/ - Light LED_ERR whenever we hit a STK_NOSYNC. Turn it off when back in sync.\r\n\/\/ - Use pins_arduino.h (should also work on Arduino Mega)\r\n\/\/\r\n\/\/ October 2009 by David A. Mellis\r\n\/\/ - Added support for the read signature command\r\n\/\/ \r\n\/\/ February 2009 by Randall Bohn\r\n\/\/ - Added support for writing to EEPROM (what took so long?)\r\n\/\/ Windows users should consider WinAVR's avrdude instead of the\r\n\/\/ avrdude included with Arduino software.\r\n\/\/\r\n\/\/ January 2008 by Randall Bohn\r\n\/\/ - Thanks to Amplificar for helping me with the STK500 protocol\r\n\/\/ - The AVRISP\/STK500 (mk I) protocol is used in the arduino bootloader\r\n\/\/ - The SPI functions herein were developed for the AVR910_ARD programmer \r\n\/\/ - More information at http:\/\/code.google.com\/p\/mega-isp\r\n\r\n#include \"pins_arduino.h\"\r\n#define RESET     SS\r\n\r\n#define LED_HB    9\r\n#define LED_ERR   8\r\n#define LED_PMODE 7\r\n#define PROG_FLICKER true\r\n\r\n#define HWVER 2\r\n#define SWMAJ 1\r\n#define SWMIN 18\r\n\r\n\/\/ STK Definitions\r\n#define STK_OK      0x10\r\n#define STK_FAILED  0x11\r\n#define STK_UNKNOWN 0x12\r\n#define STK_INSYNC  0x14\r\n#define STK_NOSYNC  0x15\r\n#define CRC_EOP     0x20 \/\/ok it is a space...\r\n\r\nvoid pulse(int pin, int times);\r\n\r\nvoid setup() {\r\n  Serial.begin(19200);\r\n  pinMode(LED_PMODE, OUTPUT);\r\n  pulse(LED_PMODE, 2);\r\n  pinMode(LED_ERR, OUTPUT);\r\n  pulse(LED_ERR, 2);\r\n  pinMode(LED_HB, OUTPUT);\r\n  pulse(LED_HB, 2);\r\n}\r\n\r\nint error=0;\r\nint pmode=0;\r\n\/\/ address for reading and writing, set by 'U' command\r\nint here;\r\nuint8_t buff[256]; \/\/ global block storage\r\n\r\n#define beget16(addr) (*addr * 256 + *(addr+1) )\r\ntypedef struct param {\r\n  uint8_t devicecode;\r\n  uint8_t revision;\r\n  uint8_t progtype;\r\n  uint8_t parmode;\r\n  uint8_t polling;\r\n  uint8_t selftimed;\r\n  uint8_t lockbytes;\r\n  uint8_t fusebytes;\r\n  int flashpoll;\r\n  int eeprompoll;\r\n  int pagesize;\r\n  int eepromsize;\r\n  int flashsize;\r\n} \r\nparameter;\r\n\r\nparameter param;\r\n\r\n\/\/ this provides a heartbeat on pin 9, so you can tell the software is running.\r\nuint8_t hbval=128;\r\nint8_t hbdelta=8;\r\nvoid heartbeat() {\r\n  if (hbval > 192) hbdelta = -hbdelta;\r\n  if (hbval < 32) hbdelta = -hbdelta;\r\n  hbval += hbdelta;\r\n  analogWrite(LED_HB, hbval);\r\n  delay(20);\r\n}\r\n\r\nvoid loop(void) {\r\n  \/\/ is pmode active?\r\n  if (pmode) digitalWrite(LED_PMODE, HIGH); \r\n  else digitalWrite(LED_PMODE, LOW);\r\n  \/\/ is there an error?\r\n  if (error) digitalWrite(LED_ERR, HIGH); \r\n  else digitalWrite(LED_ERR, LOW);\r\n\r\n  \/\/ light the heartbeat LED\r\n  heartbeat();\r\n  if (Serial.available()) {\r\n    avrisp();\r\n  }\r\n}\r\n\r\nuint8_t getch() {\r\n  while(!Serial.available());\r\n  return Serial.read();\r\n}\r\nvoid fill(int n) {\r\n  for (int x = 0; x < n; x++) {\r\n    buff[x] = getch();\r\n  }\r\n}\r\n\r\n#define PTIME 30\r\nvoid pulse(int pin, int times) {\r\n  do {\r\n    digitalWrite(pin, HIGH);\r\n    delay(PTIME);\r\n    digitalWrite(pin, LOW);\r\n    delay(PTIME);\r\n  } \r\n  while (times--);\r\n}\r\n\r\nvoid prog_lamp(int state) {\r\n  if (PROG_FLICKER)\r\n    digitalWrite(LED_PMODE, state);\r\n}\r\n\r\nvoid spi_init() {\r\n  uint8_t x;\r\n  SPCR = 0x53;\r\n  x=SPSR;\r\n  x=SPDR;\r\n}\r\n\r\nvoid spi_wait() {\r\n  do {\r\n  } \r\n  while (!(SPSR & (1 << SPIF)));\r\n}\r\n\r\nuint8_t spi_send(uint8_t b) {\r\n  uint8_t reply;\r\n  SPDR=b;\r\n  spi_wait();\r\n  reply = SPDR;\r\n  return reply;\r\n}\r\n\r\nuint8_t spi_transaction(uint8_t a, uint8_t b, uint8_t c, uint8_t d) {\r\n  uint8_t n;\r\n  spi_send(a); \r\n  n=spi_send(b);\r\n  \/\/if (n != a) error = -1;\r\n  n=spi_send(c);\r\n  return spi_send(d);\r\n}\r\n\r\nvoid empty_reply() {\r\n  if (CRC_EOP == getch()) {\r\n    Serial.print((char)STK_INSYNC);\r\n    Serial.print((char)STK_OK);\r\n  } \r\n  else {\r\n    error++;\r\n    Serial.print((char)STK_NOSYNC);\r\n  }\r\n}\r\n\r\nvoid breply(uint8_t b) {\r\n  if (CRC_EOP == getch()) {\r\n    Serial.print((char)STK_INSYNC);\r\n    Serial.print((char)b);\r\n    Serial.print((char)STK_OK);\r\n  } \r\n  else {\r\n    error++;\r\n    Serial.print((char)STK_NOSYNC);\r\n  }\r\n}\r\n\r\nvoid get_version(uint8_t c) {\r\n  switch(c) {\r\n  case 0x80:\r\n    breply(HWVER);\r\n    break;\r\n  case 0x81:\r\n    breply(SWMAJ);\r\n    break;\r\n  case 0x82:\r\n    breply(SWMIN);\r\n    break;\r\n  case 0x93:\r\n    breply('S'); \/\/ serial programmer\r\n    break;\r\n  default:\r\n    breply(0);\r\n  }\r\n}\r\n\r\nvoid set_parameters() {\r\n  \/\/ call this after reading paramter packet into buff[]\r\n  param.devicecode = buff[0];\r\n  param.revision   = buff[1];\r\n  param.progtype   = buff[2];\r\n  param.parmode    = buff[3];\r\n  param.polling    = buff[4];\r\n  param.selftimed  = buff[5];\r\n  param.lockbytes  = buff[6];\r\n  param.fusebytes  = buff[7];\r\n  param.flashpoll  = buff[8]; \r\n  \/\/ ignore buff[9] (= buff[8])\r\n  \/\/ following are 16 bits (big endian)\r\n  param.eeprompoll = beget16(&buff[10]);\r\n  param.pagesize   = beget16(&buff[12]);\r\n  param.eepromsize = beget16(&buff[14]);\r\n\r\n  \/\/ 32 bits flashsize (big endian)\r\n  param.flashsize = buff[16] * 0x01000000\r\n    + buff[17] * 0x00010000\r\n    + buff[18] * 0x00000100\r\n    + buff[19];\r\n\r\n}\r\n\r\nvoid start_pmode() {\r\n  spi_init();\r\n  \/\/ following delays may not work on all targets...\r\n  pinMode(RESET, OUTPUT);\r\n  digitalWrite(RESET, HIGH);\r\n  pinMode(SCK, OUTPUT);\r\n  digitalWrite(SCK, LOW);\r\n  delay(50);\r\n  digitalWrite(RESET, LOW);\r\n  delay(50);\r\n  pinMode(MISO, INPUT);\r\n  pinMode(MOSI, OUTPUT);\r\n  spi_transaction(0xAC, 0x53, 0x00, 0x00);\r\n  pmode = 1;\r\n}\r\n\r\nvoid end_pmode() {\r\n  pinMode(MISO, INPUT);\r\n  pinMode(MOSI, INPUT);\r\n  pinMode(SCK, INPUT);\r\n  pinMode(RESET, INPUT);\r\n  pmode = 0;\r\n}\r\n\r\nvoid universal() {\r\n  int w;\r\n  uint8_t ch;\r\n\r\n  fill(4);\r\n  ch = spi_transaction(buff[0], buff[1], buff[2], buff[3]);\r\n  breply(ch);\r\n}\r\n\r\nvoid flash(uint8_t hilo, int addr, uint8_t data) {\r\n  spi_transaction(0x40+8*hilo, \r\n  addr>>8 & 0xFF, \r\n  addr & 0xFF,\r\n  data);\r\n}\r\nvoid commit(int addr) {\r\n  if (PROG_FLICKER) prog_lamp(LOW);\r\n  spi_transaction(0x4C, (addr >> 8) & 0xFF, addr & 0xFF, 0);\r\n  if (PROG_FLICKER) {\r\n    delay(PTIME);\r\n    prog_lamp(HIGH);\r\n  }\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/\/#define _current_page(x) (here & 0xFFFFE0)\r\nint current_page(int addr) {\r\n  if (param.pagesize == 32)  return here & 0xFFFFFFF0;\r\n  if (param.pagesize == 64)  return here & 0xFFFFFFE0;\r\n  if (param.pagesize == 128) return here & 0xFFFFFFC0;\r\n  if (param.pagesize == 256) return here & 0xFFFFFF80;\r\n  return here;\r\n}\r\n\r\nvoid write_flash(int length) {\r\n  fill(length);\r\n  if (CRC_EOP == getch()) {\r\n    Serial.print((char) STK_INSYNC);\r\n    Serial.print((char) write_flash_pages(length));\r\n  } \r\n  else {\r\n    error++;\r\n    Serial.print((char) STK_NOSYNC);\r\n  }\r\n}\r\n\r\nuint8_t write_flash_pages(int length) {\r\n  int x = 0;\r\n  int page = current_page(here);\r\n  while (x < length) {\r\n    if (page != current_page(here)) {\r\n      commit(page);\r\n      page = current_page(here);\r\n    }\r\n    flash(LOW, here, buff[x++]);\r\n    flash(HIGH, here, buff[x++]);\r\n    here++;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  commit(page);\r\n\r\n  return STK_OK;\r\n}\r\n\r\n#define EECHUNK (32)\r\nuint8_t write_eeprom(int length) {\r\n  \/\/ here is a word address, get the byte address\r\n  int start = here * 2;\r\n  int remaining = length;\r\n  if (length > param.eepromsize) {\r\n    error++;\r\n    return STK_FAILED;\r\n  }\r\n  while (remaining > EECHUNK) {\r\n    write_eeprom_chunk(start, EECHUNK);\r\n    start += EECHUNK;\r\n    remaining -= EECHUNK;\r\n  }\r\n  write_eeprom_chunk(start, remaining);\r\n  return STK_OK;\r\n}\r\n\/\/ write (length) bytes, (start) is a byte address\r\nuint8_t write_eeprom_chunk(int start, int length) {\r\n  \/\/ this writes byte-by-byte,\r\n  \/\/ page writing may be faster (4 bytes at a time)\r\n  fill(length);\r\n  prog_lamp(LOW);\r\n  for (int x = 0; x < length; x++) {\r\n    int addr = start+x;\r\n    spi_transaction(0xC0, (addr>>8) & 0xFF, addr & 0xFF, buff[x]);\r\n    delay(45);\r\n  }\r\n  prog_lamp(HIGH); \r\n  return STK_OK;\r\n}\r\n\r\nvoid program_page() {\r\n  char result = (char) STK_FAILED;\r\n  int length = 256 * getch();\r\n  length += getch();\r\n  char memtype = getch();\r\n  \/\/ flash memory @here, (length) bytes\r\n  if (memtype == 'F') {\r\n    write_flash(length);\r\n    return;\r\n  }\r\n  if (memtype == 'E') {\r\n    result = (char)write_eeprom(length);\r\n    if (CRC_EOP == getch()) {\r\n      Serial.print((char) STK_INSYNC);\r\n      Serial.print(result);\r\n    } \r\n    else {\r\n      error++;\r\n      Serial.print((char) STK_NOSYNC);\r\n    }\r\n    return;\r\n  }\r\n  Serial.print((char)STK_FAILED);\r\n  return;\r\n}\r\n\r\nuint8_t flash_read(uint8_t hilo, int addr) {\r\n  return spi_transaction(0x20 + hilo * 8,\r\n  (addr >> 8) & 0xFF,\r\n  addr & 0xFF,\r\n  0);\r\n}\r\n\r\nchar flash_read_page(int length) {\r\n  for (int x = 0; x < length; x+=2) {\r\n    uint8_t low = flash_read(LOW, here);\r\n    Serial.print((char) low);\r\n    uint8_t high = flash_read(HIGH, here);\r\n    Serial.print((char) high);\r\n    here++;\r\n  }\r\n  return STK_OK;\r\n}\r\n\r\nchar eeprom_read_page(int length) {\r\n  \/\/ here again we have a word address\r\n  int start = here * 2;\r\n  for (int x = 0; x < length; x++) {\r\n    int addr = start + x;\r\n    uint8_t ee = spi_transaction(0xA0, (addr >> 8) & 0xFF, addr & 0xFF, 0xFF);\r\n    Serial.print((char) ee);\r\n  }\r\n  return STK_OK;\r\n}\r\n\r\nvoid read_page() {\r\n  char result = (char)STK_FAILED;\r\n  int length = 256 * getch();\r\n  length += getch();\r\n  char memtype = getch();\r\n  if (CRC_EOP != getch()) {\r\n    error++;\r\n    Serial.print((char) STK_NOSYNC);\r\n    return;\r\n  }\r\n  Serial.print((char) STK_INSYNC);\r\n  if (memtype == 'F') result = flash_read_page(length);\r\n  if (memtype == 'E') result = eeprom_read_page(length);\r\n  Serial.print(result);\r\n  return;\r\n}\r\n\r\nvoid read_signature() {\r\n  if (CRC_EOP != getch()) {\r\n    error++;\r\n    Serial.print((char) STK_NOSYNC);\r\n    return;\r\n  }\r\n  Serial.print((char) STK_INSYNC);\r\n  uint8_t high = spi_transaction(0x30, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00);\r\n  Serial.print((char) high);\r\n  uint8_t middle = spi_transaction(0x30, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00);\r\n  Serial.print((char) middle);\r\n  uint8_t low = spi_transaction(0x30, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00);\r\n  Serial.print((char) low);\r\n  Serial.print((char) STK_OK);\r\n}\r\n\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\r\n\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\r\n\r\n\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\r\n\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\r\nint avrisp() { \r\n  uint8_t data, low, high;\r\n  uint8_t ch = getch();\r\n  switch (ch) {\r\n  case '0': \/\/ signon\r\n    error = 0;\r\n    empty_reply();\r\n    break;\r\n  case '1':\r\n    if (getch() == CRC_EOP) {\r\n      Serial.print((char) STK_INSYNC);\r\n      Serial.print(\"AVR ISP\");\r\n      Serial.print((char) STK_OK);\r\n    }\r\n    break;\r\n  case 'A':\r\n    get_version(getch());\r\n    break;\r\n  case 'B':\r\n    fill(20);\r\n    set_parameters();\r\n    empty_reply();\r\n    break;\r\n  case 'E': \/\/ extended parameters - ignore for now\r\n    fill(5);\r\n    empty_reply();\r\n    break;\r\n\r\n  case 'P':\r\n    start_pmode();\r\n    empty_reply();\r\n    break;\r\n  case 'U': \/\/ set address (word)\r\n    here = getch();\r\n    here += 256 * getch();\r\n    empty_reply();\r\n    break;\r\n\r\n  case 0x60: \/\/STK_PROG_FLASH\r\n    low = getch();\r\n    high = getch();\r\n    empty_reply();\r\n    break;\r\n  case 0x61: \/\/STK_PROG_DATA\r\n    data = getch();\r\n    empty_reply();\r\n    break;\r\n\r\n  case 0x64: \/\/STK_PROG_PAGE\r\n    program_page();\r\n    break;\r\n\r\n  case 0x74: \/\/STK_READ_PAGE 't'\r\n    read_page();    \r\n    break;\r\n\r\n  case 'V': \/\/0x56\r\n    universal();\r\n    break;\r\n  case 'Q': \/\/0x51\r\n    error=0;\r\n    end_pmode();\r\n    empty_reply();\r\n    break;\r\n\r\n  case 0x75: \/\/STK_READ_SIGN 'u'\r\n    read_signature();\r\n    break;\r\n\r\n    \/\/ expecting a command, not CRC_EOP\r\n    \/\/ this is how we can get back in sync\r\n  case CRC_EOP:\r\n    error++;\r\n    Serial.print((char) STK_NOSYNC);\r\n    break;\r\n\r\n    \/\/ anything else we will return STK_UNKNOWN\r\n  default:\r\n    error++;\r\n    if (CRC_EOP == getch()) \r\n      Serial.print((char)STK_UNKNOWN);\r\n    else\r\n      Serial.print((char)STK_NOSYNC);\r\n  }\r\n}<\/pre>\n\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t<\/div>\r\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>
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